Applications of cryptography

Searching for the â€Å"best† sites in cryptology is an overwhelming, if not an outlandish assignment. This is on the grounds that, as I began looking the Web for intriguing locales on cryptology, I found that there are simply such a large number of. The undertaking is made significantly increasingly troublesome by the way that cryptology is such an expansive subject which envelops a few sub-subjects. By and by, I need to pick three destinations. Fundamentally, I simply set two standards for picking a webpage: it must be intriguing and it must be effectively reasonable in any event, when the substance is technical.Being a history devotee, my quest for interesting substance drove me to a site that highlights cryptology in the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years. It tends to be gotten to through the connection http://home. att. net/~tleary/cryptolo. htm and is composed by Thomas (Penn) Leary. One reason I was attracted to this site is the presence of a creator for the si te. With web get to and blogging available to nearly everybody, I will in general get careful about sites whose creators are obscure for I feel this reduces the dependability of the website and its substance, except if the webpage has a place with an organization or association whose unwavering quality can't be questioned.The content beginnings with a philosophical explanation by Blaise de Vigenere, something which I discovered very charming. Being fundamentally a non-specialized site, it maintains a strategic distance from the utilization of cryptographic language and rather utilizes words effectively reasonable by practically any peruser. Instances of the early sorts of cryptology, for example, the Elizabethan cryptology (utilizes numbers to encipher letters) were examined in the site. A few passages in the site are ascribed to Johannes Trithemius, a German priest who is likewise viewed as the primary theoretician in cryptography.Most of his plans additionally incorporate steganog raphy, a nearby cousin to cryptography, which includes covering the presence of the message itself. Beside that, Trithemius contributed a lot to the presence of polyalphabeticity. His scene, which he called his â€Å"tabula recta†, utilizes the typical letter set in different situations as the figure letters in order. Giovanni Battista della Porta, another popular early cryptographer got a feature in the site. In like manner, the utilization of acrostic, a figure which includes utilizing the main letters of a sonnet so as to frame a word, was likewise given emphasis.Poets in the Italian Renaissance and during the Elizabethan time frame were accounted for to be very affectionate in utilizing acrostic. Albeit very non-specialized, this site engaged me since I can think back and follow the beginning of cryptology when there were no PCs and other present day crypto diagramming gear. It is interesting to take note of that the best in class cryptography utilized these days advanced from generally basic figures, for example, Trithemius’ scene and acrostic. As far as data introduction, the site did very well and the data was organized in an unmistakable and efficient manner.Furthermore, the writer refered to a few works which I find excellent as the vast majority of the sites today get data from different locales, books and diaries without recognizing these sources. With respect to the specialized side, I discovered David Wagner’s (1999) conversation of the Boomerang Attack very intriguing. His paper can be gotten to by this connection: lasecwww. epfl. ch/intranet/procedures iacr-98-03/papers/1636/16360156. pdf, in spite of the fact that I trust it initially originated from www. cs. berkeley. edu/~daw/papers/boomerang-fse99. ps. As you would have seen I’m a serious fanatic for the unwavering quality of site contents.Apart from the subject being very intriguing, I picked this site since it originated from a scholarly establishment, which I a ccept screens articles and papers before posting it in their site. In any event, for non-specialized perusers, Wagner’s (1999) prologue to the idea of a boomerang assault is very conceivable. He began by portraying differential cryptanalysis, an incredible cryptanalytic strategy. On account of such force, differential investigation has been utilized to break many distributed figures. Square figure creators in this way guarantee their structure is made sure about from differential attacks.Algorithm originators for the most part register an upper bound p on the likelihood of any differential trademark on the figure. The planner at that point summons a frequently rehashed â€Å"folk theorem† expressing that any effective differential assault will require in any event 1/p writings to break the figure, along these lines making an end that the figure is sheltered from differential assaults. So as to refute this â€Å"folk theorem†, Wagner (1999) displayed an assault à ¢â‚¬ for this situation the boomerang assault †that permits a rival to beat the 1/p bound in some cases.Let’s state the best trademark for half of the rounds of the figure has a likelihood of q, a fruitful boomerang assault will thusly require O (q-4) picked messages. Now and again, q-4 > 1/p, in which case the boomerang assault will have the option to beat the people theorem’s bound. Essentially, a boomerang assault is as yet a differential-style assault yet doesn't attempt to cover the entire figure with a solitary example having a fundamentally huge likelihood. Rather, the assailant attempts to discover two profoundly plausible examples, however not really identified with one another, yet when taken together can cover the entire figure (Standaert, Piret, Quisquater, 2003).Wagner (1999) doesn't just talk about boomerang assault hypothetically and just through probabilities, he indicated how boomerang assault can be utilized to break COCONUT98, a figure that d epend on decorrelation methods for its plan. The breaking of COCONUT98 recommends that decorrelation configuration may neglect to give enough protection from advance differential assaults when alert isn't taken. In this way the utilization of decorrelation strategies is anything but an all out assurance of wellbeing against differential-style attacks.Nevertheless, a decorrelation configuration despite everything improves the cipher’s security with the end goal that without a decorrelation module, COCONUT98 will be increasingly powerless against ordinary differential-style assaults. Wagner (1999) likewise exhibited the utilization of boomerang assaults on Khufu and FEAL, and incorporated a depiction of â€Å"inside-out attack†, a double to boomerang assault, with the boomerang assault working all things considered, while the â€Å"inside-out attack† works from within. When all is said in done, the site is useful yet I should concede, very technical.One in this wa y doesn't move toward it without having gotten a foundation on cryptology. Oliver Pell’s (nd) site, which he asserts has won him a prize in a science article challenge, is similarly as intriguing. Gotten to from http://www. ridex. co. uk/cryptology/#_Toc439908875, it presents an exceptionally valuable diagram of cryptology. Somewhat specialized, it comes in the middle of the initial two sites. Though the first is certainly non-specialized while Wagner’s (1999) paper is unquestionably specialized, Pell (nd) presents specialized information in the least difficult way possible.In reality, among the three destinations, this one unquestionably sticks out. The site content starts with the meaning of normally utilized cryptographic terms, a sign that the paper is intended to be perused by a wide scope of crowd including non-specialized ones. The historical backdrop of cryptography and cryptanalysis which followed the definition is very intriguing and appears to me, all around explored. Antiquated Egyptians, Hebrews and Assyrians previously built up an unrefined type of cryptographic systems.Later on, the Greeks developed the main transposition figure yet it was the Arabs who were the first to have an away from on the standards of cryptography and explained the start of cryptanalysis. In the more present day times, the employments of cryptography during the First and Second World War were additionally talked about. What follows is a definite conversation on cryptography beginning on how cryptographic frameworks are gathered: in view of the scientific activity that changes the plain content into ciphertext utilizing the encryption key, in light of whether a square or stream figure is delivered, and dependent on the kind of key utilized, regardless of whether single or two key.Substitution figures †figures wherein the units of the plaintext are supplanted with images or gathering of images, transposition figures †revamping of the letters of the p laintext without really changing the letters themselves, square figures †symmetric-key encryption calculations that changes a fixed length square of the plaintext into a similar length of figure text, and stream figures †additionally breaks plaintext into units yet normally a solitary character are only a portion of the figures examined in more prominent detail under the single key cryptography.A issue in cryptography †the key dispersion issue †is likewise handled. Such an issue typically happens on the grounds that both the sender and the beneficiary hold a duplicate of the key, yet should likewise keep others from gaining admittance to the key. The answer for this issue, the two-key cryptography, is additionally talked about. Quickly, a two-key cryptography empowers a client to have two keys †one open and one private †with the open key used to scramble the information to be sent, and the private key used to unscramble it.Some normal utilizations of cr yptography, for example, ensuring classified organization data and securing a call just to give some examples, are additionally introduced. When all is said in done, the subject (Cryptography) is truly first rate. Now and again when the theme gets a piece excessively specialized (like calculations), the creator presents models all together for the subject to be better comprehended. Such an attractive site content is very remarkable and in fact merits a prize. References Leary, T. (1996 July). Cryptology in the sixteenth and seventeenth Centuries.Retrieved September 27 from http://home. att. net/~tleary/cryptolo. htm Pell, O (nd). Cryptology. Recovered September 27, 2007 from http://www. ridex. co. uk/cryptology/#_Toc439908875. Standaert, F-X. , Pirret,

Organisation Behaviour Essay

Expolanka Bangladesh Limited is a gathering organizations in Bangladesh . It has a few sister concern who are holding various aircrafts General Sales Agent (GSA) in Bangladesh. Wings Classic Tours and Travels Limited is one of the sister concern who is holding General deals Agent of Virgin Atlantic Airlines. The Accounting Manager in the bookkeeping office gets ready various kinds of report to help the board with choice. The Manger plays an essential guideline for dynamic in this association. This investigation uncovered including the necessities of this administrative occupation ,how a director communicate with inside and outside gathering or person who are significant, guideline qualities of these individual or gatherings, a vocation task examination gives a premise to setting up the information, aptitudes, and capacities to work in an administrative position . It figures out what occupation undertakings chief performs on a day by day, fortnightly, month to month, and yearly premise . These activity undertakings are isolated into various stages dependent on obligations, duty, kind of occupation task, etc. ? Bookkeeping Manager’s set of working responsibilities : The Accounting Manager is answerable for all regions identifying with money related announcing. This position is liable for creating and keeping up bookkeeping standards, practices and techniques to guarantee precise and convenient fiscal reports. Fiscal reports incorporate Income articulation, Balance sheet and Cash stream proclamation, changes of value and notes to the records. Bookkeeping standard (International Accounting Standard),Corporation Act, organization law ,charges rule must be kept up and consented by him to set up that reports . The Accounting Manager oversees staff bookkeepers and is answerable for dealing with the group to guarantee that work is appropriately allotted and finished in an auspicious and exact way . He associates with top administration, corporate group and different divisions e. g. deals office, showcasing division and activity office inside the association. He bargains distinctive sort of reports and information with them. This position includes a large number of bookkeeping exercises including general record readiness, budgetary detailing, year end review planning and the help of spending plan and figure exercises. The Accounting Manager contacts with senior-level and the firm’s Managing Director ,Executive Director and Corporate Finance Controller which requires solid relational abilities both composed and verbal. He speaks to all the budgetary exercises in the executive gathering. He screens and gathers remarkable installment inside specified credit length from customers , makes the installment to the vital that is virgin Atlantic according to terms and condition , makes essential move about budgetary exchanges and manages money related organizations and renting organizations also. Corporate Finance Controller is helped by him in the day by day banking necessities. This position works together with the different department’s administrators to help generally speaking division objectives and destinations. Overseeing Director , Finance Controller, and other wide chiefs get react with respect to money related outcomes, extraordinary detailing demands from this position. He handles faculty issues identifying with staff clashes, non-appearance, execution issues, and so forth. Observing and breaking down departmental work to grow increasingly effective systems and utilization of assets while keeping up an elevated level of precision additionally incorporate under administrator obligations and duties. This position requires to follow some other activity related obligations required by the administration. This expected set of responsibilities not the slightest bit suggests that these are the main obligations to be performed. (Bookkeeping expected set of responsibilities, n. d) Individuals/bunches who are imperative to this activity : The Accounting administrator communicates with various gatherings and individual inside and outside the association. The Managing Director, Finance controller and Human Resources Manager are the most imperative to his activity inside the association. He has loads of routine errands with them. Other than that different department’s Manager e. Project supervisor ,advertising Manager and activity Manger is additionally significant for his activity position. Different records administrators inside the association play significant standard to help the Accounting Manager prerequisites. Notwithstanding that Financial organization (bank ,renting organiz ation )and the head (Virgin Atlantic Airlines) and the customers are imperative to complete his activity. (Bookkeeping expected set of responsibilities, n. d) Main qualities of these gatherings/individual : Managing Director: Mr. Mahbubul Anam is the Managing Director of Expolanka Bangladesh. His esponsibilities is to oversee, screen and guide the working of the association. He includes of controlling exceedingly significant divisions, for example, account, deals, human asset, advertising and so forth. He likewise manages and screens the work these whole divisions. Choices ,advices and suggestions are likewise taken by him to accomplish the authoritative objective. He directs meeting with separate division in the organization to discover business techniques for development of the organization as far as marketing projections and net benefit. She includes to taking right ruling for the company’s interests and fulfills of the investor. Overseeing Director expected set of responsibilities n. d ) Finance Controller : The fundamental occupation obligation of the Finance Controller is to deal with every budgetary issue. This incorporates : †¢ The principal assignment of the Finance Controller is to oversee and direct monetary assets. With the goal that he gets ready for future needs and backing in regards to fund to maintain the business easily. †¢ Preparing and checking of budgetary spending plan and present that report to the top managerial staff of the association. †¢ Where any irregularities to compromises , He makes a move o r allude to significant work force as suitable Statutory power and review prerequisites are gone along . †¢ Ensure consistence all tax collection and administrative necessities consistently. †¢ Provides month to month and week by week report to the head quarter, month to month budget summary, fortnightly and day by day various reports to the administration . (Bookkeeping expected set of responsibilities n. d) Human asset chief: Human asset supervisor assumes significant job to enlist representative in this association. His obligations incorporates : †¢ Compensation, advantages and execution the executives frameworks, and security and entertainment programs are directed by him. Distinguish staff opportunities and enlist, meet and select candidates. †¢ Allocate HR and guaranteeing fitting matches between staff. †¢ Provide present and imminent representatives with data about strategies, work obligations, working conditions, wages, and open doors for advancement and worker benefits. (HR Manager n. d ) Sales Manager: †¢ Develops a field-tested strategy and deals procedure for the market that guarantees achievement of organization deals objectives and benefit. †¢ Prepares activity designs by people just as by group for powerful pursuit of deals leads and prospects. Starts and arranges improvement of activity intends to enter new markets. †¢ Assists in the turn of events and usage of advertising plans varying. †¢ Provides auspicious input to senior administration with respect to execution. †¢ Provides convenient, exact, serious valuing on totally finished possibility applications submitted for estimating and endorsement, while endeavoring to keep up most extreme overall revenue. †¢ Maintains exact records everything being equal, deals, and action reports put together by Account Executives. †¢ Controls costs to meet spending rules. ( H. Burglarize n. d ) Showcasing Manager : †¢ oversee and arrange all showcasing, publicizing and limited time staff and exercises †¢ lead statistical surveying to decide advertise prerequisites for existing and future items †¢ examination of client inquire about, current economic situations and contender data †¢ create and execute promoting plans and undertakings for new and existing items †¢ deal with the profitability of the showcasing plans and ventures †¢ screen, audit and report on all promoting action and results (Sample Marketing supervisor set of working responsibilities n. d) Principle attributes: Name |Position |Age |Gender |Personality |Pattern of collaboration |Efficiency |Effectiveness |Satisfaction | |Mr. Mahbubul Anam |Managing Director |50 |Male |Negotiable |Face to confront Telephone E-mail Fax |Efficient |Effective |yes | |Mr. MH khusru |Finance Controller |40 |Male |Friendly |Over the phone E-mail Face to confront fax |Efficient |Effective |yes | |Mr. Bahauddin Ahmed |Human Resources Manager |42 |Male |Extroversion |Over the phone E-mail Face to confront fax |Efficient |Effective |Yes | |MS. Naima Imam Roy |Sales Manager |38 |Female |Agreeable |Over the phone E-mail Face to confront hatchet |Efficient |Effective |Yes | |Mr. Shahidul Islam |Marketing Manager |42 |Male |Openness to encounter |Over the phone E-mail Face to confront |Efficient |Effective |yes | Nature of interdependency: The Accounting supervisor is free in this association. Despite the fact that he works together with other division for different issues like credit term, credit acknowledgment inside spe cified ,cost limit , more benefit and increment income. He is additionally some portion of mid administration to accomplish the hierarchical objective. Overseeing executive: Accounting Manger consistently hopes to help from overseeing chief. In this circumstance Accounting Manager propose to back controller and he leads with Managing executive. This is successive approach to impart. He additionally accept significant choice for money related issues and endorsement for system from overseeing chief. Then again, Managing Director expects cost minimization, increment net benefit , effectiveness of budgetary data and powerful time the board from Accounting Manager. Money controller: in such manner, Accounting Manager requires all monetary suppor

Thing-A-Mah-Bobs

Thing-A-Mah-Bobs I discovered it was rather impossible to make any logical connection between all the things I wanted to share about the last couple weeks. I gave up. Which means you get no logic, sorry. Just think of this post as a meat tray at a party. You grab a couple slices of each kind, a few chunks of cheese, and a handful of crackers and call it a day. Firstly, I’ve been attacking people at grocery stores and farmer’s markets around the island to get their opinions on what it means to them to buy locally. As with any survey, some people are way more receptive than others at sitting for more than 2 minutes. But those who could stand to talk to me for an entire 5 minutes usually had pretty strong opinions about the whole concept of supporting local businesses, artists, and farmers. My all-time favorite answers were: [Q: What is your race?] “I guess I’m Caucasian. I wish I could check African American too. Ya’ know, I had a dream once that my granddad was African American and I was like whoa that’s cool! But it was just a dream. So I guess I’ll check Caucasian” [Q: To you, what factors constitute a high quality shopping experience?] “All; Free Buds” [Q: What education level have you achieved?] “I read a lot” (also no checked answer) [Q: What factors would increase the likelihood of you buying local more often?] “Becoming a better cook” [Q: Why do you or don’t you feel a personal obligation to buy local?] “Whatever anywhere the wind blows is cool” In other news: one of the preferred meats on this island is spam restaurants have as many entrees with spam as Boston has beef (which if you haven’t been before, there is lots of burgers around). I haven’t tried any yet but I’ll be sure to get around to it before I leave. The local dishes here are interesting. The ingredients are things that aren’t unusual they just make very different combinations. One of the strangest I’ve had so far has been Loco Moco. Besides the name sounding really fun, the dish is made of two beef patties over jasmine rice with two over-hard eggs on top and a side of macaroni salad. That is definitely a taste I’ve never had before but I really liked it! (Lets temporarily disregard the fact that my family calls me the human garbage disposal due to the iron-coated nature of my stomach.) A couple weekends ago, I took a morning bus up the countryside to the next big town on the island, Waimea. The ride is a little over an hour and scaled around the beautiful Mauna Kea Mountain. Ill tell you this, there is no greater view than to look out at miles and miles of clear, blue ocean from the side of a mountain. When I arrived, I wandered around the town center (which is basically a couple shopping centers) to see what I could get into for the day. I first found this cool, miniature museum exhibit that told the story of the Hawaiian Cowboy. Next I went to my favorite spot for the summer, the friendly neighborhood Starbucks. I was in for a special treat this time though. A random collection of musicians came together at the table outside next to me and put on a concert for those walking by. To take up more of my day, I decided to ride the shuttle around town. Only problem was, the driver was not as inclined to give me the grand tour so I got dropped off at the end of the line. Much to my surprise, that end was about 7 odd miles from were we started O_o. I did, however learn a few very important lessons on this lovely walk back to the town center. Do NOT stare at a cow in the eyes! And especially don’t look directly at their calves Never walk up to a duck trying to cross the street, it will scare him, and he will fly across the highway without looking :/ Distances are much farther than they appear when driving by. To reward my successful hike, I got my self a fudge sundae from Dixie Queen :D Well, that’s all for now. Hope you could keep up This is Cyd, signing off! (P.S. No ducks were harmed in the making of this blog. All the cars stopped)

Biography of Rosa Parks, Civil Rights Pioneer

Rosa Parks (February 4, 1913–October 24, 2005) was a civil rights activist in Alabama when she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white person: her case touched off the Montgomery Bus Boycott and was a significant milestone in forcing the Supreme Court to end segregation. She once said, When people made up their minds that they wanted to be free and took action, then there was change. But they couldnt rest on just that change. It has to continue. Parks words encapsulate her work as a symbol of the Civil Rights Movement. Fast Facts Known For: Civil rights activist in the American south of 1950s and 1960sBorn: February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, AlabamaParents: James and Leona Edwards McCauley  Died: October 24, 2005 in Detroit, MichiganEducation: Alabama State Teachers College for NegroesSpouse: Raymond ParksChildren: None Early Life Rosa Louise McCauley was born on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama. Her mother Leona Edwards was a teacher and her father James McCauley was a carpenter. Early in Parks childhood, she moved to Pine Level, right outside the state capital of Montgomery. Parks was a member of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) and attended primary school until the age of 11. Parks walked to school every day and realized the disparity between black and white children. In her biography, Parks recalled, Id see the bus pass every day. But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and white world. Education and Family Parks continued her education at the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for Secondary Education. However, after a few semesters, Parks returned home to care for her ailing mother and grandmother. In 1932, Parks married Raymond Parks, a barber and a member of the NAACP. Parks became involved in the NAACP through her husband, helping to raise money for the Scottsboro Boys. In the daytime, Parks worked as a maid and hospital aide before finally receiving her high school diploma in 1933. Civil Rights Movement In 1943, Parks became even more involved in the Civil Rights Movement and was elected secretary of the NAACP. Of this experience, Parks said, I was the only woman there, and they needed a secretary, and I was too timid to say no. The following year, Parks used her role as secretary to research the gang rape of Recy Taylor. As a result, other local activist established the Committee for Equal Justice for Mrs. Recy Taylor. Through the help of newspapers such as The Chicago Defender, the incident received national attention. While working for a liberal white couple, Parks was encouraged to attend the Highlander Folk School, a center for activism in workers rights and social equality. Following her education at this school, Parks attended a meeting in Montgomery address the Emmitt Till case. At the end of the meeting, it was decided that African-Americans needed to do more to fight for their rights. The Montgomery Bus Boycott It was a few weeks before Christmas in 1955 when Rosa Parks boarded a bus after working as a seamstress. Taking a seat in the colored section of the bus, Parks was asked by a white man to get up and move so that he could sit. Parks refused. As a result, the police were called and Parks was arrested. Parks refusal to move her seat ignited the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a protest that lasted 381 days and pushed Martin Luther King Jr. into the national spotlight. Throughout the boycott, King referred to Parks as the great fuse that led to the modern stride toward freedom. Parks was not the first woman to refuse to give up her seat on a public bus. In 1945, Irene Morgan was arrested for the same act. And several months before Parks, Sarah Louise Keys and Claudette Covin committed the same transgression. However, NAACP leaders argued that Parks—with her long history as a local activist—would be able to see a court challenge through. As a result, Parks was considered an iconic figure in the Civil Rights Movement and the fight against racism and segregation in the United States. Following the Boycott Although Parks courage allowed her to become a symbol of the growing movement, she and her husband suffered severely. Park was fired from her job at the local department store. No longer feeling safe in Montgomery, the Parks moved to Detroit as part of the Great Migration. While living in Detroit, Parks served as secretary for U.S. Representative John Conyers from 1965 to 1969. Retirement Following her retirement from Conyers office, Parks devoted her time to documenting and continuing to support the civil rights work she had begun in the 1950s. In 1979, Parks received the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP. In 1987, the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development was incorporated by Parks and long-time friend Elaine Eason Steele, to teach, support, and encourage leadership and civil rights in young people. She wrote two books: Rosa Parks: My Story, in 1992, and Quiet Strength: The Faith, the Hope and the Heart of a Woman Who Changed a Nation, in 1994. A collection of her letters was published in 1996, called Dear Mrs. Parks: A Dialogue With Todays Youth. She was the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (in 1996, from President Bill Clinton), the Congressional Gold Medal (in 1999), and many other accolades. In 2000, the Rosa Parks Museum and Library at Troy State University in Montgomery was opened near where she had been arrested.   Death Parks died of natural causes at the age of 92 in her home in Detroit, Michigan on October 24, 2005. She was the first woman and second non-U.S. government official to lie in honor at the Capitol Rotunda. Sources Rosa Parks, civil rights pioneer, dies. The New York Times, October 25, 2005.  Rowbotham, Sheila. Rosa Parks: Activist whose refusal to give up her bus seat ignited the US civil rights movement. The Guardian, October 25, 2005.Sullivan, Patricia. Bus Ride Shook a Nations Conscience. Washington Post, October 25, 2005.  Theoharis, Jeanne. The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. Boston: Beacon Press, 2013.

Cyber Software Inc. s Case - 916 Words

Introduction Cyber Software Inc.’s client, the Baltimore City Government, website was hacked. Several credit card numbers and other information were accessed and stolen from the Baltimore City Government servers. Since, the cyber Software company responded very quickly only 275 people were affected by the hacking. However, the hacking of the City Governments servers has led to Mr. Jackson wanting to create better software that will prevent any future hackings and will improve the cleanup procedures once a company’s Software has been compromised. The company’s current structure contains little to no chain of command and the programmers can’t seem to agree on which course of action to take in order to implement changes. There needs to be a separation of the divisions within the company to ensure that the resources are being used appropriately. Several programmers are working on similar projects and the resources aren’t being distributed appropriately. In order to ensure the new programs are implemented in a timely and cost effective manners a new company structure and organization needs to be created. Management A new mission and vision statement is now needed for the company which will align with what Joseph Jackson envisions for his company. A mission and vision statement asks â€Å"What do we do and where do we aim to be?† (Diffen, n.d.). A clear and strong mission and vision statement the organization will better understand their purpose and major objectives inShow MoreRelatedOnline Banking And Shopping Portal1084 Words   |  5 Pageshave been such cases of cyber stealing. Such as: TJX Hackers Albert Gonzalez with his team of TJX Hackers stole millions of credit card and debit card information from T.J. Maxx and companies. It has been considered as a largest cyber-crime as they stole around 89 million credit card information. 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These threatsRead MoreCybercrime Is Crime That Involves A Computer And A Network2155 Words   |  9 PagesCybercrime is crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may be used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar (2011) define cyber-crimes as: Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet. Such crimes

Conflict Management in the Workplace Free Essays

Conflict Management Learning Team A: Dana Stinson, Timothy Bird, Sterling Richards, Diana Loutensock LDR/531 October 5, 2010 Richard Hartley, M. A. Conflict Management Training Program Our consulting firm, Conflict Professionals, specializes in training all levels of managers (executive, mid- and entry-level) in the art of managing conflict within their teams and organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Management in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is conflict and how does it arise? Typically, it occurs when two or more people oppose one another because their needs, wants, goals, or values are different. It is almost always accompanied by feelings of anger, frustration, hurt, anxiety, or fear.An individual may also have internal conflict issues causing stress and incapacitating him or her from functioning in a productive manner. Effective Conflict Management is the process of identifying and addressing those differences that, if left unmanaged, would become a destructive element for the individual, project, team, and/or organization. What Role Does Conflict Play in an Organization? According to Santosh Karkhanis conflict can create a negative impact on team cohesiveness when it: Hampers productivity; Lowers morale; Cause more and continued conflicts; Cause inappropriate behaviors; Takes attention away from other important activities; Undermines morale or self-concept; Polarizes people and groups, reducing cooperation; Increases or sharpens differences. Generally, when discussing organizational conflict we think of personality clashes or aggressive type behaviors between individuals performing similar tasks or at the same level in the organizational hierarchy. There are managerial actions that can cause or create conflict in the workplace; some of which are: Managerial Actions That May Cause Workplace Conflicts Surprised Employees – managers don’t inform employee of new policies, programs, decisions or manager takes credit for their employees’ work thereby creating distrust and conflict between both individuals. Poor Leadership – managers that are inconsistent, missing, or too-strong or structured, create conflict by devaluing the employee and lowering his or her self-confidence. Different Personal Chemistry – this generally occurs when there are very strong-willed individuals who differ in personality and nature. It becomes a matter of ego for these types of individuals. Disagreement Over Resource Distribution – conflict arises when available resources are not made equally available to all. According to Craig Runde, Director of the Conflict Dynamics Profile at Eckerd College, over two-thirds of managers spend more than ten percent of their time handling workplace conflict and forty-four percent of managers spend more than twenty percent of their time on conflict-related issues. If your company is to maintain an edge in today’s liquid markets, then your teams need to be as fluid as the markets themselves. In order to do this they need to work together as a single unit.When you accomplish this then, and only then, your teams will be able to keep up in today’s dynamic environment. Training Outline We have developed a full scale training program specifically designed to educate and train management level employees on what actions are most effective in cultivating conflict management skills. The training will take place over a five week course. We will meet in a business casual setting for 45 minutes once a week. The day each week, and times, will be determined before we start the program at your organizations convenience.Our goal is to accommodate your company, so either you can make use of our training facilities or we can bring our training into your business whichever supports your company’s productivity needs. Following is the training program’s format: WEEK 1 Review and Update Job Descriptions Ensure job descriptions are defined and accurate. Ensure team members understand individual responsibilities. Ensure all tasks are identified. Build Relationships with all Subordinates Meet with team members one-on-one on a monthly basis. Discuss accomplishments, challenges, issues, and employees’ progress towards goals.WEEK 2 Report progress from week one concepts and address concerns Get Regular Written Status Reports Include accomplishments through the month. Incorporate any challenges employees come across in performing their job functions. Conduct Basic Trainings Interpersonal Communication Training People react to conflict with violence (yelling and placing blame) and silence (agreeing with things they don’t agree with and shutting down communication). Managers create a safe environment for communicating by determining the facts and focusing on the common goals. WEEK 3 Report progress from week two concepts and address concerns Employees’ Involvement on Daily Tasks Employees should be involved in defining tasks. This creates trust and engages employees. Have employees create written procedures on tasks. All employees should review those documents. Employees need to be trained on the procedures. The procedural documents should be placed in a visible area with open access for all employees. * Regular Management Meetings All team members should attend. Discussion topics should include company initiatives, accomplishments, and the status of current programs.WEEK 4 Report progress from week three concepts, and address concerns Analyzing, interpreting, and managing personal internal conflict. Centering thoughts and emotions through meditation. Listen first, respond second. Document and discuss analysis. Minimize mental clutter through organizing your environment. WEEK 5 Report progress from week four concepts, and address concerns Once again, effective conflict management prevents differences from becoming destructive elements in a project, on a team, or within an organization.By completing this Conflict Management training and implementing the tools learned, your managers will significantly decrease the amount of conflict he or she must deal with on a daily basis. No company can dispute the importance of effective conflict management within their organization. The positive impact your company will realize from the training will include: Increased productivity, lower turn-over Higher morale Less Conflict Improves positive behavior Increased cohesiveness Teams who work as a single unit Reduces differences Conflict Professionals bring our experience and knowledge to your company at a competitive price. The program cost will be quickly absorbed by the increased profits attained from having a happier, more productive team. The cost for the five-week course is only $500 per person. Combined, Conflict Professionals have over 80 years of experience resolving conflict. The knowledge and tools we bring to your company will provide immeasurable rewards for your company. We have helped hundreds of companies achieve their full potential. We can do the same for you. Call Today.References Santosh Karkhanis. 30 August 2010). Conflict Management. Retrieved from:   Session 5. Conflict Management. Retrieved from: http://www. fao. org/docrep/w7504e/w7504e07. htm Workplace Conflict. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from:  Ã‚  http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Workplace_conflictamp;printable=yes William King. (2010).   Some Managerial Actions That May Cause Workplace Conflicts. Ezine Articles. Retrieved from: http://ezinearticles. com/? Some-Managerial-Actions-That-May-Cause-Conflicts. How to cite Conflict Management in the Workplace, Papers

Parent Involvement and Educational Outcomes

There is a continuously increasing population that lives in abject poverty. Poverty entails pulling through life with very limited resources. The resources may range from financial, psychological, spiritual, security, and physical materials, for example lack of proper housing. I choose to address an article by Misty Locour and Laura Tissington from South Arkansas University. The article is entitled The Effect of Poverty on Child Education.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Parent Involvement and Educational Outcomes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two scholars start by observing that poverty or low income has a negative impact on the student’s academic performance (Misty, Tissington, 2011). The family is a moving system meaning that it copes with changes that come along, but in the process relevantly maintain a stable positive effect on the children’s academic performance. Too much expectations influence the student’s learning outcome, which in turn devastatingly affect parents. Family involvement in education needs entails a more comprehensive participation with educators having knowledge of family background. Poverty or low income is attributed to many things among them family type for example, blended families, single parent families, mother’s education level, and source of income. Misty and Laura note that there is a big gap in achievement among students from varied income backgrounds. Low socioeconomic status affects the chances of students performing well and their capability to complete schooling. Statistics indicate that students from poor families score less than twenty percentile in tests. Those from middle-income homes get an average of forty-five percentile whereas those from upper income backgrounds score a high percentile of seventy. The two scholars have also identified the source of income as a major poor performance. They note that welfare ch ildren, meaning those under The Aid to families with Dependent Children program (AFCD), perform poorly compared to those depending on income from other sources. They observe that aid works towards the student’s poor underperformance. The children on welfare programs are twice likely to perform poorly than those on other programs. The students who benefit from the welfare on short durations rank high on performance than those who are long-term beneficiaries.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This, the two scholars claim, is a clear indicator that aid affects the academic performance negatively. They further assert that aid is a medium through which laziness is created. The parents involved are most certainly people working in various industries or organizations. Since the food materials are already in supply, there would be no cause for working extra hard. The society in which aid is provided lacks role models to provide intellectual motivation (Amatea, 2012). Misty and Laura discuss the level of education of the mother as being another cause of poor performance among students. They aver that this is very significant because it touches on adolescents. The level of education of the mother has more effects than the father’s level of education. This is associated with the closeness that mothers have with children. The presence of the mother serves to increase the supply of reading materials in the house, fostering family beliefs, and values Families with increased income has an increased number of children in early child education. This therefore according to Misty and Laura means that poor families and communities do not give education due attention. This creates strenuous working relationships between the educators and students. This is mainly in areas involving student’s actions versus instructions from teachers. References Amatea, E. (2012). B uilding Culturally Responsive Family-School Relationships. New York: Pearson Learning Solutions. Misty, L., Tissington, L. (2011). The effects of poverty on academic achievement. Educational Research and Reviews, 6(7), 522-527. This essay on Parent Involvement and Educational Outcomes was written and submitted by user Blaise Delgado to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

International Marketing Ch 1 Essay Example

International Marketing Ch 1 Essay Example International Marketing Ch 1 Essay International Marketing Ch 1 Essay Discussion Questions for Chapter 1 The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing Discussion Questions |1. Define: | | | |International marketing |Foreign uncontrollables | | |Controllable elements |Marketing relativism | | |Uncontrollable elements |Self-reference criterion (SRC) | | |Domestic uncontrollables |Global awareness | 2. â€Å". . . the marketer’s task is the same whether applied in Dime Box, Texas, or Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. † Discuss. The only difference between domestic marketing and international marketing is that the activities take place in more than one country. Therefore, the marketing task is the same throughout the world. 3. How can the increased interest in international marketing on the part of the U. S. firms be explained? Increased interest has been brought about because of changing competitive structures, coupled with shifts in demand characteristics throughout the world. The U. S. market has reached saturation levels for many products, and increasing numbers of firms are faced with surpluses which must be sold. Also, many firms find that return on investment may be higher in foreign markets than in domestic markets. Finally, more and more firms realize that tomorrow’s markets will be world markets and it is imperative that they establish world market positions early. 4. Discuss the four phases of international marketing involvement. The first phase includes those domestic firms which have no foreign business activity except those sales made to foreign customers who come directly to the firm. The second phase includes domestic firms which have temporary surpluses which are sold abroad. Therefore, sales are made on an availability basis with little or no intention for continuing market representation. The third phase includes the domestic firms that have permanent productive capacity which is utilized to produce goods which are sold on a continuing basis in foreign markets. The fourth phase includes the international company that produces a product for the world market. 5. Discuss the conditions that have led to the development of global markets. According to the Professor Levitt and others who suggest that there is a global market for goods, this phenomenon has resulted from new communications technology, travel and other factors which have led to the markets of the world being more aware of different products and processes. As a result of this awareness, there are segments in each market who have had similar experiences and thus have common needs. These common needs are described as a demand for high quality, reasonably priced, standardized products. There is a strong feeling that within each country’s market there is a growing segment that has been exposed to ideas from around the world and thus have had their tastes and perceived needs affected. There is a strong feeling that world markets are being driven toward a converging commonality of taste and needs leading toward global markets. 6. Differentiate between a global company and a multinational company. The main distinction between a global and a multinational company is that a global company assumes there are segments across countries which have the same needs and wants and designs a standardized, high quality, reasonably priced product for those segments and markets it as if there are no differences among the country markets. On the other hand, a multinational ompany operates in a number of countries and adjusts its products and marketing practices for each market. The multinational company has a specific marketing plan and adapts products for each country market. T he philosophy for the multinational company is that there are cultural differences among countries that require specific adaptations for those markets. This is contrasted with the global company which sees the entire world, or major regions of it, as a single entity requiring no specialized adjustments. This distinction may be more myth than fact and reflects Professor Levitt’s opinion. 7. Differentiate among the three international marketing concepts. Companies can be described by one of three orientations to international marketing management: 1. Domestic Market Expansion Concept 2. Multi-Domestic Market Concept 3. Global Marketing Concept It is expected that differences in the complexity and sophistication of a company’s marketing activity depend on which of these orientations guides its operations. The Domestic Market Extension Concept. The domestic company that seeks sales extension of its domestic products into foreign markets illustrates this orientation to international marketing. It views its international operations as secondary to and an extension of its domestic operations. The primary motive is to dispose of excess domestic production. Domestic business is its priority and foreign sales are seen as a profitable extension of domestic operations. While foreign markets may be vigorously pursued, the orientation remains basically domestic. Its attitude toward international sales is typified by the belief that if it sells in Peoria it will sell anywhere else in the world. Minimal, if any, efforts are made to adapt the marketing mix to foreign markets. The firm’s orientation is to market to foreign customers in the same manner the company markets to domestic customers. It seeks markets where demand is similar to the home market and its domestic product will be acceptable. This Domestic Market Expansion Strategy can be very profitable. Large and small exporting companies approach international marketing from this perspective. Multi-Domestic Market Concept. Once a company recognizes the importance of differences in overseas markets and the importance of offshore business to their organization, its orientation toward international business may shift to a Multi-Domestic Market Strategy. A company guided by this concept has a strong sense that country markets are vastly different (and they may be, depending on the product) and that market success requires an almost independent program for each country. Firms with this orientation market on a country-by-country basis with separate marketing strategies for each country. Subsidiaries operate independently of one another in establishing marketing objectives and plans. The domestic market and each of the country markets have separate marketing mixes with little interaction among them. Products are adapted for each market with minimum coordination with other country markets, advertising campaigns are localized as are the pricing and distribution decisions. A company with this concept does not look for similarity among elements of the marketing mix that might respond to standardization. Rather, it aims for adaptation to local country markets. Control is typically decentralized to reflect the belief that the uniqueness of each market requires local marketing input and control. Global Marketing Concept. A company guided by this new orientation or philosophy is generally referred to as a global company, its marketing activity is global marketing, and its market coverage is the world. A company employing a Global Marketing Strategy strives for efficiencies of scale by developing a standardized product, of dependable quality, to be sold at a reasonable price to a global market (that is, the same country market set throughout the world). Important to the Global Marketing Concept is the premise that world markets are being â€Å"driven toward a converging commonalty† that seek much the same ways to satisfy their needs and desires and thus, constitute significant market segments with similar demands for the same product the world over. With this orientation a company attempts to tandardize as much of the company effort as is practical on a world-wide basis. Some decisions are viewed as applicable worldwide, while others require consideration of local influences. The world as a whol e is viewed as the market and the firm develops a global marketing strategy. 8. Prepare your lifelong plan to be globally aware. Student exercise. A minimum would be a reading list plus some commitment to study different countries. 9. Discuss the three factors necessary to achieve global awareness. The three factors necessary to achieve global awareness are: 1) objectivity; objective in assessing opportunities, evaluating potential, and responding to problems. Too often mistakes are made because companies are swept away with generalities and make investments only later to find out that their commitment or abilities were not sufficient to succeed, 2) tolerance toward cultural differences; tolerance is understanding cultural differences and accepting and working with others whose behavior may be different from yours, 3) knowledgeable; knowledgeable about cultures, history, world market potentials, and global economy and social trends is critical for a person to be culturally aware. To be successfully in international business and globally aware, a person needs to keep abreast of the enormous changes occurring throughout the world. The 21st century will usher in great change and opportunities. The knowledgeable marketer will identify those opportunities long before it becomes evident to others. 10. Define and discuss the idea of global orientation. A global orientation means operating as if all the country markets in a company’s scope of operations (including domestic market) are approachable as a single global market and to standardize the marketing mix where culturally feasible and cost effective or to adapt the marketing mix where culturally required and cost effective. A global orientation does not mean to follow a single strategy of standardization without regard for cultural ifferences nor does it imply that the marketing effort must be adapted to every cultural difference. Instead, it means looking for market segments with similar demands that can be satisfied with the same product, standardizing the components of the marketing mix that can be standardized, and, where there are significant cultura l differences that require parts of the marketing mix to be culturally adapted, adapting. 11. Visit the Bureau of Economic Analysis homepage www. bea. doc. gov/. Select the section, Inter-national articles, and find the most recent information on Foreign Direct Investments in the United States. Which country has the highest dollar amount of investment in the United States? Second highest? This exercise is designed to familiarize the student with the Internet and the data available from the BEA. At the time this was written (1998), the following was found at the address above. U. S. Direct Investment Abroad Direct Investment Positions for 1996 Country and Industry Detail By Sylvia E. Bargas The U. S. direct investment position abroad valued at historical cost- the book value of U. S. direct investors’ equity in, and net outstanding loans to, their foreign affiliates- was $796. 5 billion at yearend 1996. The largest positions by far remained those in the United Kingdom ($142. 6 billion, or 18 percent of the total) and in Canada ($91. 6 billion, or 11 percent of the total).

What is Ghostwriting The Master Guide to Succeeding in the Industry

What is Ghostwriting The Master Guide to Succeeding in the Industry What is Ghostwriting? All Your Questions Answered Ghostwriting is when someone is hired to write a project that is credited to another person. A ghostwriter may be the main or partial writer behind a book, but they are not the author. They are hired to carry out the vision of their client, and their main concern is with satisfying that client.While ghostwriting is a profession often associated with celebrity memoirs, some may be surprised to learn that there are many other types of ghostwriting, including:Business booksLifestyles booksBook proposalsSpeechesBlog postsSocial media postsNewslettersAnd more! But before we dive into the meat of the question "what is ghostwriting," we'll answer a question that those in the profession always get asked†¦How is ghostwriting different from co-authoring?A co-author will also - presumably - do some of the writing, but is credited as a partial author. Therefore, the book is also at least partially created under their direction, and a large part of their focus is on their readers.But the t itle "ghostwriter" doesn't just apply to people who write books. Let's take a closer look at the different projects that might require a ghost. What is ghostwriting? And why might someone turn to a ghostwriter? All your questions answered. Types of ghostwriting: long-formNon-fictionIn long-form non-fiction, a ghostwriter can be involved in any number of capacities, from leading and outlining the whole project, to filling in gaps left by the author.Memoirs and autobiographies: We always hear about the importance of taking a step back to see the bigger picture. Well, this is all the more important for memoirs. No one is closer to your own life than you, and to turn your story into a compelling narrative often requires a more impartial contributor. Step right up, ghostwriters! And, of course, there is no ghostwritten memoir more popular than the celebrity kind - in fact, most celebrity memoir are actually written by a ghostwriter commissioned by publishers who know the marketing power of a recognizable name. How to Hire a Ghostwriter – By Andrew Crofts Read post If you’re considering working with a ghostwriter, you should always determine your own budget, consider the above questions, and then be prepared to negotiate. You can learn more about ghostwriting fees in this guest post, How Much Does it Cost to Hire a Ghostwriter? by Andrew Crofts - a ghost and author with more than eighty books (including Sunday Times number one bestsellers) under his belt.Whether you’re considering working with a ghost or you were just curious to hear more about what is ghostwriting, you might have a lingering question: how ethical is this all?Well, let’s discuss.Is ghostwriting ethical?If someone bought your book under the impression that you wrote all the words - not knowing that it has been penned by a ghost -   then have you misled that reader? Have you been deceitful? It really depends, but answering this question often depends on two aspects:the intent of the credited author;and the effect on the readers/audience.Say that a life-l ong birdwatcher who struggles to string coherent paragraphs together wants to publish a bird-watcher’s travel guide. They hire a ghostwriter to help them produce this book. In this case, the author’s intent is to share their years of acquired wisdom with others. And if readers of this book are receiving well-researched and sound knowledge, then they are getting what they paid for - and nobody will really complain.Now here’s an example of when ghostwriting wades into murky territory: A person is venturing into a new business which they believe could be very fruitful, but which they know next to nothing about. They use a ghostwritten book to establish themself as an â€Å"authority† under false pretenses in order to attract clients. The â€Å"author’s† intent here - to take advantage of readers - is indeed unethical. Is ghostwriting ethical? Join the discussion here! When Dorothy discovers that the Great and Powerful Oz is actually a man behind a curtain, does this revelation diminish her personal journey and undermine her personal growth? We would say no. But if the Wonderful Wizard tried to sell her on a great investment opportunity, that would be another matter.Have you ever worked with a ghostwriter or tried your hand at ghostwriting? Tell us about your experiences - or leave any questions in the comments below!

Kenya Airways Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kenya Airways - Assignment Example The airline was initially owned by the Government of Kenya until the year 1995, and it was privatized in 1996 and since then it has become the first African flag carrier in successfully doing so. Today Kenya Airways is a public-private partnership. In this regard, the shareholding of this partnership is as follows Government of Kenya (29.8%), followed by KLM, which has a 26.73% stake in the company. The rest is held by private owners. (Kenya airways.ac.ke) Â  Being first flag carrier in Kenya its stocks are traded in different exchange markets this includes Nairobi Stock exchange, the Dar-es-salaam Stock Exchange, and the Uganda Stock exchange. Kenya Airways has become widely considered as one of the leading Sub-Saharan operators and became a full member of sky team in June 2010 and a member of African Airlines Association since 1977 and it has had quite a tremendous growth with 4,834 employees as per June 2012. Â  The airline has been using web sale service and this has shown some tremendous growth of USD 28.6 million in ticket sales compared to USD 24.2 million in the previous year showing a growth rate of 17.9%, with total revenue of USD 95.2 billion which is an increase of 26.3% above prior year. Â  The management of Kenya Airways has given a report that the profitability of the company has been affected by some factors this includes high fuel prices, the euro crisis and a generally weak economy in the West. Despite this, the management has announced a high turnover of USD 107.9 billion which represent a 26% increase on prior year turnover of USD 85.8 billion, profit after tax realized was USD 1.66 billion compared to the prior year of USD 3.5 billion. Â  

In defense of international sweatshops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

In defense of international sweatshops - Essay Example b.â€Å"Living wage† standard – According to De George, the living wage allows the worker to live in dignity as a human being. This standard is â€Å"nice† to hear but may be very difficult to determine as it involves the abstract concept of dignity which would be debatable and may be variable among individuals.c.Donaldson’s test – This standard proposes a moral minimum that complies with the test, â€Å"The practice is permissible if and only if the members of the home country would, under conditions of economic development relevantly similar to those of the host country, regard the practice as permissible.† Again, interpretation of the moral minimum would vary from individual to individual according to the subjective perceptions of each. This therefore will make this standard difficult to use if not altogether useless.d.Classical liberal standard – This standard proposes that a wage or labor standard is ethically acceptable if it is freely chosen by informed workers. The standard is by far the most practical and logical among the four. It allows market and labor forces to dictate the appropriate wage and labor standards in a particular location. Maitland’s criticism of Donaldson’s test is persuasive and easy to agree to. As previously stated, the moral minimum proposed by Donaldson and complying with his test would vary from individual to individual and as Maitland said will confuse implementing managers in the international sweatshops.... usly stated, the moral minimum proposed by Donaldson and complying with his test would vary from individual to individual and as Maitland said will confuse implementing managers in the international sweatshops. Donaldson and De George believe the classical liberal standard is inapplicable to poor, developing countries because in these countries, some sort of market failure or the background conditions are lacking for market forces to work effectively. Such background conditions include the very high average level of unemployment of 40% in developing countries, and background institutions like enforceable minimum wage. These prevent the effective application of neoclassical economic principles wherein the classical liberal standard is based. I disagree with Donaldson and De George's arguments because I consider the very same background conditions that they say prevent market forces to work, as part of the market forces. 2. By American standards, wages in international sweatshops are very low and working conditions appear terrible. Does the fact that foreign workers are eager to take these jobs establish that those wages and conditions are morally acceptable In my opinion, the fact that foreign workers are eager to take sweatshop wages and conditions despite their disparities with American standards make this morally acceptable. Moral acceptability as defined by Kant (1998) connotes universalizability. The concept of universalizaibility states that the only morally acceptable maxims of actions are those that could rationally be willed to be universal law. I would extend the interpretation to apply to the eagerness of the foreign workers. Since all the foreign workers are agreeable to the wages and conditions, then they are morally acceptable. 3. Maitland appears to

This Idea Of Sustainable Urban Planning Environmental Sciences Essay

This Idea Of Sustainable Urban Planning Environmental Sciences Essay The idea of urban planning and policy is to create and help define place within an urban environment. In doing so urban policy can help to construct and craft urban identity via the mechanisms of spatial construct, and the manipulation of activities within that space. Today urban policy making is tasked with providing new mechanisms that enable citizens, planners and policymakers to explore the ways in which we can plan and develop communities that meet the long-term human and environmental needs of our society [Wheeler and Beatly2004, pp 1]. This is the idea of delivering a sustainable city i.e an urban environment that is capable of meeting todays needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs [WCED1987 in Williams et al 2000, pp 3]. Achieving this idea of sustainability in urban planning and policy is not easy. The very idea of sustainability encompasses a broad and extensive range of inter-related issues that continues to challenge ingrained att itudes regarding relationships between culture, nature and governance [Mather 2005 pp 280]. Ebenezer Howards Garden City vision ideal offered a look at how sustainable urban policy may be realized and continues to offer important lessons for our contemporary policy decisions. Garden Cities of Tomorrow: This idea of sustainable urban planning is not a new subject, but is of growing importance in todays society on a global scale. In 1898 Ebenezer Howards Garden Cities of Tomorrow redefined urban planning by offering the first real insight into the ideas of sustainable urban planning and development. One of the single most influential and visionary books in the history of urban planning the Garden City vision outlined a strategy for addressing the problems of the industrial city in a more detailed fashion than had ever been attempted before. So influential was this work that two English garden cities were actually built in the early twentieth century, namely Letchworth and Welwyn, and the concept inspired the British New Town Programme that constructed eleven satellite cities around London between 1940s and 1960s [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 11]. The book was seen as a revolutionary breakthrough in how planning is considered in an urban context, as it was the first set of ideas that r eally attempted to balance urban and rural developments. The Garden City concept still offers a vision that can be used to evaluate contemporary urban policy in its attempt to deliver modern sustainable cities on a worldwide scale [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 11]. The Origins of the Garden City: The industrial revolution brought about rapid growth for urban areas, and with this growth a set of new problems for our town and country planners. As more and more people were drawn to urban centres in search of work and a better standard of living, the rapid expansion of our urban populations placed great strain on the infrastructure, housing and resources of our cities, which quickly became overcrowded, unsanitary, expensive and highly polluted and poorly serviced. Coupled with this was the continued fall in wages of our agricultural workforce that prohibited new building and development in our rural areas. These conditions precipitated a devastating cycle of urban migration that simply couldnt be controlled, and many people were faced with making the unfulfilling choice between living in a culturally isolated rural area or giving up nature to live in a city [Nair 2009]. As the industrial revolution continued unplanned, congested, polluted slums jammed with a newly impoverished ur ban proletariat began to characterise and dominate the landscape of nineteenth century industrial cities [LeGates and Stout 2007, pp 12]. As cities continued to expand in this fashion, so negative images began to be associated with our urban centres and the suburbs became characterised as a sprawling cancer of bricks spreading out across the British landscape [Jones and Evans 2008, pp 141]. Patterns of Modern Urban Growth: These patterns of growth seen in the UK during the industrial revolution mirror those that we are seeing in countries across the world as the developing nations begin to emerge on worldwide markets. The worlds urban population has more than doubled since 1950 and a recent about the growth of urban populations from the United Nations Population Division notes that half of the worlds population now lives in urban areas, and within the next 30 years, nearly two-thirds of the worlds population will live in urban areas [Rodrigue 2005, Vlahov et al 2007, pp 16]. These patterns of growth precipitate the same problems seen during the industrial revolution in the UK as rapid urbanisation continues to place too great a strain on urban resources. In the developing world, where most of the global urbanisation is to be observed, a large segment of that growth is into slums concentrated areas of disadvantage [Vlahov et al 2007, pp18]. These areas are characterized by lack of basic services, inade quate and often dangerous living environments, overcrowding, and poor sanitation. Urban policy needs to start considering how to turn these patterns of urban growth into something that can become sustainable for both our environment, and ensure that the needs of our society are met. Design of the Garden City: In What Ways is it Sustainable? Many have identified Garden Cities as examples of sustainable cities that can continue to offer key lessons for modern urban policy. In order for a city to be considered as a sustainable urban development its principle aims must be to create a user-friendly and resourceful area, not only in terms of its form and energy efficiency, but also its function as a place for living [Elkin et al 1991, pp 12]. Sustainable urban development also requires the achievement of urban development aspirations concerning inter and intra-generational equity via a stock of natural resources that should not be depleted beyond its regenerative capacity [Breheny 1992, pp 1]. From these ideas Smith et al 1998 established a list of sustainable urban principles which included Living off environmental interest rather than capital Acknowledging the idea of environmental thresholds and living within these Developing a sense of equity and social justice Forming inclusive procedures for decision making Howard saw the extreme overcrowding of early industrial cities with its accompanying problems of sanitation, services, pollution and public health as a growing issue of urban design. His Garden City concept was a response to this, with planned communities aimed at relieving both the overcrowding of cities and deprivation in the countryside. Founded with Letchworth, then Hampstead, Bourneville and Port Sunlight, the Garden City was an attempt to create a modern utopia in urban design [Campbell 2010]. Howard believed that creating new balance between city and country in which populations were decentralized into carefully planned new communities in the countryside would help to create a more sustainable urban landscape [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 7]. The Howard vision was for Garden Cities to become self-contained co-operative settlements sustainable urban centres that could create networks of self sufficiency by creating a symbiotic relationship between urban and rural development. Garden Cities were to be defined by a radial planning style, with pre-defined zonation for public parks, private lawns, new forests and agricultural holdings. Commercial, residential and public use areas were to be clearly defined (as shown in figure 1) and wide arching roads and the idea of a radial rail network were incorporated to ease the burden on infrastructural requirements of urban areas. These urban developments were to become more than just a place to house a growing populous. They were to d esigned to be viable economic communities where industry, public buildings and housing would be carefully planned to create an environment on a human scale, where the built environment would be balanced with the natural [architecture.com]. Figure 1: Howards outline for an ideal Garden City [From Garden Cities of Tomorrow Howard 1902 Source: RIBA British Architectural Library]. When evaluating the design on this Garden City vision in relation to todays urban policy framework, it is clear where the ideas of sustainability are found. Howards vision incorporates vast areas of green space both landscaped for recreational use, and set aside for agricultural practices. Green spaces like these can be seen as both a social advantage but they are also invaluable carbon sinks in moving towards sustainable urban policy. Surrounded farmland creates an automatic market for local agriculture, which can be significantly more sustainable than conventional agriculture given its low transport emissions [Campbell 2010]. Pedestrian friendly cities, encouraging an increased focus on social conditions and a respect for our natural environment is a fairly modern approach to sustainable urban planning. Howards objective, in short was to raise the standard of health and comfort of all true workers of whatever grade the means by which these objects are to be achieved being a healt hy, natural, and economic combination of town and country life, and this on land owned by the municipality. His ideas received worldwide acclaim, with developments created in the UK, South Africa, the USA, and in Germany where the steel company Krupp, concerned about the low morals of badly housed workers, built the garden village of Margrethenhohe [Girardet 1996, pp 54]. Sustainable Development in Modern Urban Planning and Policy: The broad aims of sustainable development are now central to urban planning and public policy [Batty 2006, pp 29]. For the first 70 years on the twentieth century the designs and master plans for our modernist cities were focused on new development. Urban planning was focused on starting fresh building new cities stripped of the chaos of the nineteenth century city and the dull provincialism associated with Howards Garden City [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp 105]. The Garden Cities were defined by their spatial zoning patterns with different areas designated different land uses (as shown in Figure 1). Current patterns of urban planning appear to be moving away from this approach as it became more considered that the most effective solution to achieving sustainable urban form was the implementation of the compact city idea. The compact city advocates the use of high-density mixed use urban form. Many planners preferential use of this urban form is attributed to the perceived advantage s of mix-use planning such as conservation of green-belt areas, reduction in commuter distances and the associated effects of reduced emissions, more efficient infrastructure and utility provision, and the revitalisation and regeneration of inner urban areas [Williams et al 2000, pp 19]. In essence many urban planners adopt and create mixed use developments in order to better achieve a long terms economic stability and to add to an areas vitality and vibrancy that could perhaps not be achieved with single use spatially defined development. There are obvious advantages to this approach when evaluated against the Garden City idea. Firstly there is a better use of brownfield development preserving Greenfield sites and protecting these areas from the threat of urban development. As a result of the growing importance of a sustainable approach to urban policy, brownfield sites have quickly become the key strategic target for meeting housing and development needs across our urban regions by re-using previously developed land. This was further emphasised by Planning and Policy Guidance Note 3 (2000), which set a target for local authorities of building 60% of new housing on brownfield sites [Jones and Evans 2008, pp 5]. Many urban policy makers would consider that new communities based on Greenfield development, show little regard to the long-term environmental impacts. The impacts of losing that land to urban development, as well sourcing materials, maintaining buildings, the environmental impact of the building itself, infr astructural developments is not really thoroughly built into the costs to our natural environment. In the wider view, however, the question of urban form is much more than simple density and brown/green choices it is about the spatial structure of human activities [Williams et al 2000, pp 255]. Garden Cities Lessons for Future Urban Policies: The Garden City style was cautious, pragmatic and designed to appear reasonable to the average citizen [Wheeler and Beatley 2004, pp 12]. Though Howards search for a balance between city and country life is still central to sustainable communities, the emphasis has shifted in many developed nations. Instead of the extreme dense nineteenth century city with a frequent shortage of decent housing, clean water, and basic sanitation, we now have relatively low-density, automobile-dependent suburbs with a much higher quality of housing and infrastructure but with many other problems [Howard and Beatly 2004, pp 12]. Even in developing countries the pragmatic application of the Garden City idea needs to be called into question. Howards garden settlements were based on the development of very low density housing. In his work Howard cites that the ideal population size for his new Garden Cities was to be 32,000 on a site of 6000 acres of available cheap rural land. Of this acreage 1000 acres w ould be reserved for the city itself, which would be surrounded by another 5,000 acres of green-belt farmland [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp72]. These figures today are clearly not sustainable, however many overlook Howards vision of emerging social cities linked Garden Cities in a multi-centred metropolis interwoven with green space. This is shown in figure 2 which shows a central town of 58,000 is shown surrounded by six garden cities around its circumference, each with 32,000, providing a city of 250,000 people [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp 72]. . Figure 2: The Garden City Complex from Garden Cities of Tomorrow: Taken from http://humanitieslab.stanford.edu/UrbanSustainability/943 Highlighted in both figure 1 and 2 is Howards idea of concentric road and rail networks. This idea is seen extensively in modern urban planning, where congestion problems are often eased via ring-road development. These have become an important attribute of the spatial structures of cities, notably in North America [Rodrigue 2005]. Howard was also interested in more than just the physical plans of a city; he also wanted to develop an urban centre where the shared ownership of land was encouraged. Howard wanted the Garden City to be socially, economically, as well as ecologically sustainable [Giradet 1996, pp 54]. While this idea had many merits, these ideas were formulated before cars became widespread and its implications understood. It also came before the huge wave of twentieth-century suburbinization turned Howards garden city idea into much-simplified garden suburbs and created a whole new set of development problems in the process. In recent years the presumption is for high de nsity and brown field development to be used as a sustainable model. Despite the sustainable ideas of the Garden City model did not quite created the modern urban utopia Howard had envisaged. Welwyn Garden City today is a city of 100,000 people and is considered as a Garden City of form rather than function. It serves mainly as a commuter city for London, and its agricultural belt never became a reality [Girardet 1996, pp 54]. Though not realised in its entirety the Garden City concept, of creating a spacious city in the garden has not been forgotten, and there is a strong continued desire to re-instate the countryside in inner cities in the hope of attracting people back to the city centre and to allow those who wish to do so to migrate to new purpose built garden cities, constructed on Greenfield sites [Giradet 1996, pp 170]. More importantly a lot of the ideas are coming from the urban community itself. The concept of urban permaculture (long-term crop growing in the city) has be come fashionable in countries such as Australia, the USA and Germany and there is a growing trend in maintaining sustainable lifestyles within our urban environments [Giradet 1996, pp 138]. Conclusions: The British Garden City experiments were hugely influential policy-expressions of concerns over the problems of large cities during the Industrial revolution [Haughton and Hunter, 2004, pp 73]. The rise of congested and unsanitary urban environments became of great concern, and urban planning became preoccupied with trying to develop ways of making urban development sustainable. Ebenezer Howard was revolutionary in this idea of sustainable growth. He envisioned humane, social, Garden Cities surrounded by greenbelts, encapsulating the idea of a new balance between our cities and our natural environments. These sorts of visionary or utopian writings help expand the framework of permissible ideas for a generation or more. Although mainstream thinkers tend to scorn idealism of all sorts, it has often been extremely influential and successful [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 278]. So successful were the ideas and visions of Howards Garden Cities he lived to see several of them built, and thou gh his ideas never quite materialised beyond this time, his ideas about developing sustainable communities are should still be considered as the foundation of urban policy and planning today. Howard defines the mainstream of utopian tradition. His utopian vision may not have been realised in its entirety, but each had influence on the way contemporary cities, and city life, developed in the twentieth century [LeGates and Stout 2007, pp 300]. The question now, as at the turn of the nineteenth century, remains how to rethink this balance and achieve sustainable city development. The Garden City model, if re-applied in a modern context, could go a long way in helping urban policy makers achieve this goal.

Iron Deficiency Anemia Essay

What is it and what are its causes?Anemia is an insufficient amount of red blood cells in the bloodstream and iron deficiency anemia is where there is a lack of iron in the blood. You need iron in your blood to make hemoglobin, which contributes in distributing oxygen to tissues from the lungs. One of the most common causes of iron deficiency anemia is an inadequate intake of iron in your diet. Another possible cause of iron deficiency anemia is bleeding, be this because of an injury or because of menstrual bleeding. It can also be caused by gastrointestinal problems such as ulcers or colon cancer. Iron deficiency anemia, however, may also be due to growth spurt or pregnancy. Symptoms:Some of the symptoms that anemic people might experience include; pale skin colour, fatigue, headaches, lack of appetite, unusual food cravings, brittle nails, weakness, shortness of breath and a sore tongue. These symptoms may not also we evident, since they do not usually show up prominently in people with mild iron deficiency anemia. Treatment:Most people who are diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia take iron pills (iron sulfate) for approximately six months. After two months there blood should have its proper iron level back, but just to make sure the pills are followed through for another couple of months. This treatment is continued to replenish the iron stored in the bone marrow. About 30% of all the iron in your body is stored in your bone marrow, so it is important you replenish these stores as well. After this treatment you should be fine, but people in high risk groups should go for regular check-ups. Older people may have to be more closely monitored or receive different treatment if their iron loss is due to something else, such as an ulcer. Prevention:Iron deficiency anemia can in most cases be easily prevented, since its main cause is an inadequate intake of iron in your diet. Some iron rich foods are meats, legumes, raisins, egg yolks, broccoli and whole-wheat bread. Also vitamin C can help. Vitamin C aids with the absorption of iron. You can also have a too high intake of iron. This is called Hemochromatosis. In hemoglobin test this also shows up as there being too little hemoglobin. Hemochromatosis can be fatal and is one the largest contributors to poisoning deaths. Works Cited ICON health publication, Iron deficiency anemia, San Diego, ICON health publicationshttp://www.bloodbook.com/iron-foods.htmlwww.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000584.htmwww.emedicine.com/med/topic1188.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_deficiency_anemiawww.umm.edu/blood/aneiron.htm

Dress Yourself By Choice Not By Force - 876 Words

Dress Yourself by Choice Not by Force Education is the foundation of society, and the policies schools implement have lasting implications beyond the classroom. With all of the constant issues that school districts regularly have to address , the topic of school uniforms often falls to the wayside. However, research indicates that the adoption of school uniforms has an immense impact on student behavior and attitudes. In 2014, at Duncanville High School in Texas, one hundred and seventy teenagers were suspended for refusing to wear school uniforms (Golgowski 2104). This incident is just one of many cases in which school uniforms have pushed students and administrators to their limits and tarnished the school culture. School uniforms thwarts students’ self-expression, , imposes unfair gender roles and the time dedicated to enforcing strict uniform policies is an unnecessary waste of class time. 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